The origins of tabi are unclear. However, there are a few theories. One theory is that they developed as dress socks worn by the aristocrats of the Nara period (710-794 AD).
Another is that the first tabi were fashioned out of bear and deer skins and worn by Heian period hunters (794-1185). Early tabi were fastened to the ankle with a length of string.
It is said that the rise of the now-common cotton tabi occurred in the Edo period due to a leather shortage, which was caused by a fire. Before that time, most tabi were made of leather. A particularly nasty fire in 1657 caused leather to become scarce, which raised its price so that people began looking for alternate materials to make their items with. Soon enough, the trend of cotton tabi caught on and continues to this day.